Data science involves a variety of tools used across different stages — from data collection and cleaning to modeling and visualization. Here's a categorized overview of the most commonly used tools:
1. Programming Languages
Python – Most popular for its simplicity and rich ecosystem (NumPy, Pandas, scikit-learn, TensorFlow).
R – Preferred for statistical analysis and visualization (ggplot2, dplyr, caret).
SQL – Essential for querying structured databases.
2. Data Manipulation & Analysis
Pandas – Data manipulation in Python.
NumPy – Efficient numerical computing.
Excel – Basic analysis, especially for small datasets.
Apache Spark – Large-scale data processing and analytics.
3. Machine Learning & Deep Learning
scikit-learn – Standard library for ML algorithms in Python.
TensorFlow – Google's library for deep learning and neural networks.
Keras – High-level neural network API running on top of TensorFlow.
PyTorch – Flexible and widely used for research and production.
XGBoost/LightGBM – Gradient boosting frameworks for high-performance modeling.
4. Data Visualization
Matplotlib & Seaborn – Python libraries for visualizing data.
Tableau – Drag-and-drop BI and dashboard tool.
Power BI – Microsoft’s business intelligence platform.
Plotly – Interactive web-based visualizations in Python or R.
5. Data Storage & Databases
MySQL / PostgreSQL – Relational database systems.
MongoDB – NoSQL database for handling unstructured data.
Hadoop – Distributed file storage for big data. Also explore
click hereData Science Interview Questions and Answers Google BigQuery / AWS Redshift – Cloud-based data warehouses.
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